Comprehensive Reference Listing

This reference list includes all sources consulted during the creation of this blog, ensuring a transparent and complete overview of the research underpinning the content.

          Cleveland Clinic (2022). Erythropoietin: Production, Purpose, Test & Levels. [online] Cleveland Clinic. Available at: https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/14573-erythropoietin.

          Creative Proteomics (2014). Isoelectric Focusing: Principles, Applications, Advantages, and Limitations. [online] Creative Proteomics. Available at: https://www.creative-proteomics.com/resource/isoelectric-focusing-principles-applications-advantages-limitations.htm.

Elliott, S., Lorenzini, T., Asher, S., Aoki, K., Brankow, D., Buck, L., Busse, L., Chang, D.C., Fuller, J., Grant, J.R., Hernday, N., Hokum, M., Hu, S., Knudten, A.F., Levin, N., Komorowski, R., Martin, F., Navarro, R., Osslund, T.D. and Rogers, G.N. (2003). Enhancement of therapeutic protein in vivo activities through glycoengineering. Nature Biotechnology, 21(4), pp.414–421. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt799.

          Gleeson, M. (2024). WADA makes drug testing changes after Bol ‘disaster’. [online] The Sydney Morning Herald. Available at: https://www.smh.com.au/sport/athletics/wada-makes-drug-testing-changes-after-bol-disaster-20240418-p5fkrb.html [Accessed 23 Sep. 2025].

          Heuberger, J.A.A.C., Cohen Tervaert, J.M., Schepers, F.M.L., Vliegenthart, A.D.B., Rotmans, J.I., Daniels, J.M.A., Burggraaf, J. and Cohen, A.F. (2013). Erythropoietin doping in cycling: lack of evidence for efficacy and a negative risk-benefit. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 75(6), pp.1406–1421. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/bcp.12034.

          Inoue, N., Takeuchi, M., Ohashi, H. and Suzuki, T. (1995). The production of recombinant human erythropoietin. Biotechnology Annual Review, [online] 1, pp.297–313. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/s1387-2656(08)70055-3.

          Kayser, B., Mauron, A. and Miah, A. (2007). Current anti-doping policy: a critical appraisal. BMC Medical Ethics, 8(1). doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6939-8-2.

          Lai, P.H., Everett, R., Wang, F.F., Arakawa, T. and Goldwasser, E. (1986). Structural characterization of human erythropoietin. The Journal of biological chemistry, [online] 261(7), pp.3116–21. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3949763/.

          Missed History (2025). Tour De France Scandal: the Affair That Created It. [online] Missedhistory.com. Available at: https://missedhistory.com/3100/tour-de-france-scandal-affair-created-it/ [Accessed 23 Sep. 2025].

          Murakami, M., Kiuchi, T., Nishihara, M., Tezuka, K., Okamoto, R., Izumi, M. and Kajihara, Y. (2016). Chemical synthesis of erythropoietin glycoforms for insights into the relationship between glycosylation pattern and bioactivity. Science Advances, 2(1). doi:https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1500678.

          Plumb, J.O.M., Otto, J.M. and Grocott, M.P.W. (2016). ‘Blood doping’ from Armstrong to prehabilitation: manipulation of blood to improve performance in athletes and physiological reserve in patients. Extreme Physiology & Medicine, 5(1). doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s13728-016-0046-0.

          Sytkowski, A.J. (1980). Denaturation and renaturation of human erythropoietin. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, [online] 96(1), pp.143–149. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-291X(80)91192-4.

          Wang, L.-X. and Amin, Mohammed N. (2014). Chemical and Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of Glycoproteins for Deciphering Functions. Chemistry & Biology, 21(1), pp.51–66. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chembiol.2014.01.001.

          Watowich, S.S. (2011). The erythropoietin receptor: molecular structure and hematopoietic signaling pathways. Journal of investigative medicine : the official publication of the American Federation for Clinical Research, [online] 59(7), pp.1067–72. doi:https://doi.org/10.2310/JIM.0b013e31820fb28c.